Elastic network models and coarse-grained NMA

The realization that experimentally observed functional motions of proteins can be predicted by coarse-grained normal mode analysis (NMA) has renewed interest in applications to structural biology. Notable applications include the prediction of biologically relevant motions for proteins and supramolecular structures driven by their structure-encoded collective dynamics; the refinement of low-resolution structures including those determined by cryo-electron microscopy; and the identification of conserved dynamic patterns and mechanically key regions within protein families. Additionally, hybrid methods that couple atomic simulations with deformations derived from coarse-grained NMA are able to sample collective motions beyond the range of conventional molecular dynamics simulations. Such applications have provided great insight into the underlying principles linking protein structures to their dynamics, and their dynamics to their functions.